Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal - 850 Words

Jonathon Swift â€Å"Modest Proposal† is shocking satire that is supposed to bring to light the ill state of the Irish nation during the time period. Swift was making a point that the state that Ireland was in a major economic crisis and was overpopulated and was in a dire need of a solution, so he propose one. But even though this was written many years ago we can still draw inspiration form it today. The essay begins as a Proposal for a solution to the extreme poverty and over population of Ireland during the time period. But with a subtle but quick shift in tone, the essay turns grim. Swift proposes that the children of the poor should be fattened up and sold as food to rich landowners. In doing so it prevents the children of poor people of Ireland from being a burden to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the public. He suggested that the children of Ireland would be considered as â€Å"delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food† for the weal thy. In the proposal Swift says that the mother of these children that are being sold are unable to work normal jobs but, â€Å"instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants†. Because of this the number of poor people will never decrease which brings the nation down as a whole. Especially since the children of these poor mothers will according to Swift â€Å"grow up either turn thieves for want of work, or leave theirShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal996 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swift, 18th century writer and political activist, published â€Å"A Modest Proposal† in 1729 in the midst of turmoil in his home country of Ireland. Under British rule Irish citizens were left destitute and neglected, giving Swift the inspiration for â€Å"A Modest Proposal†. Jonathan Swift’s use of Aristotle s modes of persuasion and straight-faced sa tire broke Ireland s silence, calling out affluent members of British society and religious hierarchy alike, creating one of the most influentialRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal971 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swift is a well known writer who wrote Gulliver s Travels and many more lesser known works. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift can be used to argue many things. The work itself is a pamphlet to that explains how one could go about the famine in Ireland. He suggests by his title that this will not be a over the top or extreme suggestion instead being modest and understandable. The most notable part of his work however is the obscenity of it as he describes in detail what the benefitsRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1008 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Sparknotes, In the 1700’s, Ireland went through an economic depression as well as other problems in the country such as starvation, overpopulation and intolerable taxation by England. The familie s in Ireland could not afford to maintain their children therefore the children became a burden. Politicians did nothing to improve Ireland’s situation. These ongoing Problems in Ireland led Jonathan Swift to write,† A Modest Proposal.† In his essay, Swift uses satire to give rational but extremeRead MoreJonathan Swift s Modest Proposal1562 Words   |  7 PagesEmpire. Thesis: Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal is the most effective in conveying its proposal against Imperialism as a universal theme. Directional Statement: Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal successfully uses evidence to support its proposal and an effective style of writing. It also presents a clearly defined problem and solution compared to George Orwell s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and Thomas Jefferson s â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Point 1: Swift s Modest Proposal effectively usesRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal956 Words   |  4 Pagesissue for the Irish and became a topic of satire ridicule for writers. Specifically, Jonathan Swift demonstrates mockery of this time in one of his written works, â€Å"A Modest Proposal.† The speaker proposes to shift the issues of over population and poverty to a business like mentality by paying woman to bare children and then after a year, gaining a profit by selling and eat their children. The speaker’s proposal to consume the children of Ireland demonstrates a satirical solution to the Irish’s economicRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1809 Words   |  8 PagesJonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal is a satirical essay that sardonically uses an outrageous solution to the massive poverty in Ireland. He proposes this lengthy idea of eating children as the solution to the society’s problems. His serious yet hyper bolic and satirical style allows Swift an approach to get people engaged in the difficulties the Irish had to do to survive their everyday life. This essay explores Swift’s ability to use literary devices and how these techniques advance his idea aboutRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1456 Words   |  6 PagesJonathan Swift was an Irish poet and satirist of the eighteenth century. Although the son of Englishmen, Swift was born and raised in Ireland. While living in Ireland, he witnessed the death of thousands of Irish due to starvation which was caused due to crop failure. Swift, who wasn’t even personally affected by the issue, acknowledged that the death of the Irish population which he argues was caused because of the neglect of English landowners. Instead of allowing for the issue to continue to beRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1859 Words   |  8 Pagessuperiority (Holmes). The satirical literary device was at its peak during the Neoclassic al Period in which the enlightenment writer, Jonathan Swift, was exceptional at this writing style (Jokinen). He excelled at rebuking Britain’s flaws and pointed out the hypocrisy at the time by extensive ridicule of the conventual school of thought. Jonathan Swift’s, A Modest Proposal is an inspiration to many aspiring satirical authors, as he is admired as a rhetorical virtuoso that shed light on the profuse moralRead MoreAnalysis of Jonathan Swift ´s A Modest Proposal Essay532 Words   |  3 Pagesdone, the issue hasn’t been fazed a bit. From Jonathan Swift’s Modest Proposal, he clarifies the poverty issued throughout Ireland in the early 1700’s and how one suggestion could change it all. Elaborated from the Literary Reference Center, â€Å"A Modest Proposal, like Gulliver’s Travels, transcends the political, social, and economic crisis that gave birth to it, woeful as they were. Packed with irony and satirical revelations of the hum an condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Swift wasn’t just writing a masterpiece, but an intendedRead MoreCollectivism Vs. Individualism : The Unknown Citizen And Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1783 Words   |  8 Pagespolitically, with emphasis on the role a person takes in society, or philosophically- what makes a person think collectively or individually. Even though one might say that both theories are important, both W.H. Auden s The Unknown Citizen and Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal reflect criticisms of collectivism and promotes individualism. There are two main types of collectivism: â€Å"horizontal collectivism† and â€Å"vertical collectivism†. Collectivism has been characterized as horizontal collectivism

Analysis Of Jared Diamond s The Worst Mistake - 844 Words

In Jared Diamond’s â€Å"The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race† he kicks off by telling readers the negative effects agriculture has placed on our world that still follows us today. He believes that â€Å"with agriculture came the gross social and sexual inequality, the disease and despotism that curse our existence† and that this will continue on until a change occurs (Diamond1). He explains the progressivist perspective as well but uses their reasoning as a way to back up his. Diamond is correct that human’s worst mistake is beginning agriculture because more problems occurred than it actually solved and humans are not better off this way. Diamond explains that our worst mistake was the transition from hunter-gathers to farmers. Diamond believes that humans were better off chasing our food rather than planting it due to the consequences that followed after such a dramatic change of life. His reasoning expands further out than one might think of about this subject. He talks about the social changes that were created when agriculture began. Diamond spews empowering points that leave a reader pondering if he is correct. People are only sure of how the world is now but the possibilities are endless on what our world could have been if agriculture had not begun. Hunter-gatherers lived in an egalitarian society; this means that everyone is treated equally. Color, gender, nor age made any difference; every person had an equal contribution to the tribe. There is not an issueShow MoreRelatedThe Human Mark On The Environment2347 Words   |  10 Pagesterraces or walls to hold back floods. One of the more dramatic effects of settling down was the change in female fertility and the rise in population.   A number of different effects together caused the population to grow.Among modern foragers, a woman s pregnancies tend to be spaced three to four years apart because of the extended period of breastfeeding characteristic of these societies.   Extended means not just that children are weaned at three to four years of age but that they still nurse wheneverRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesHandbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà ­n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.  ©2004 by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission providedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Defiance and Conformity free essay sample

Defiance, conformity and social control are some subjects not everybody understands. Why do teens love to disobey authority figures? Why do kids conform in groups? Why do kids feel the need to partake in fads and who’s truly responsible for molding our society’s personality? Through psychological, anthropological and sociological examination, these perplexing questions can be answered. Learning to understand your teen is the best thing you can do, and in the end, it’s only going to leave your teen’s emotions, thoughts, and ideas amalgamated. Defiance is just a part of life for some people. Some people like to feel like they are standing up for something they believe in, that they are rebelling against the system – why? The subject of Defiance can be explained through a psychological scrutiny. Observing teenagers makes you wonder how the innocence and purity of a young little boy could ever turn into the effrontery and boldness of a 16 year old. It’s all a part of life, and comprehending that is difficult. Defiant children and teens think of themselves as equal to adults, (Defiant Children). This leads them to unrealistic expectations and inevitable conflict with parents and teachers. Defiance in media, at school and in other places ultimately leads to change in society. Defiance can be seen as negative to the common eye, but it actually often leads to things being done a different way, and people stretching boundaries. It is truly survival of the fittest being seen through teens thinking outside of the box and changing society. When a teen feels the need to rebel, he might stumble upon a way of doing something that no one else has done before, and it might work perfectly for him. When kids simply follow the leader, things cannot advance. If a teen is taught at an early age to be a sheep rather than a herder, then he will most likely not better his society as much as a smart, rebel will. Defiance can also have a negative effect on society – it all depends on the intentions. If a teen has good intentions for what he does, he will follow his heart. When a teen just wants to do bad when rebelling with negativity, he is most likely doing what he is doing for attention from someone. Attention is a big factor in defiance. The teen wants to be seen and understood, and he wants to find a way to make people understand this. Defiance comes mostly out of arrogance, (Empowering Parents. ) A stubborn child will think that his way of doing things is just fine, and no help is required; this is a sign that the child feels like he is being controlled, or tied down. A teen’s confidence on the outside may seem enlightening, but inside the mind of a young adult, is a very confused person trying to find out what is best for him in life – a person trying to put meaning to the esoteric nonsense that is existence. You can’t change this, but you can help them through it. Being calm, assertive and non-controlling is the best way to contain your child’s defiance. Discipline is obviously important, and if the act of wrong is serious enough, a punishment must be ensued. But listen to them, understand them, and reason with them, rather than degrade them with a childish punishment – punish them as if they are an adult. The point is to help them contain their defiance and hormones into a safe medium like art, sports or schooling. But a teen’s young mind is dynamical, so don’t push anything onto them; let them be whoever they may want to be. Conformity is another aspect of puberty that is normal. Conformity is acting accordingly to certain accepted standards, (Conformity, Basic Concepts of Sociology Guide. ) It is easy to tell whether a teen’s feelings about something are genuine, or just regurgitated from a person they look up to. Conformity takes a sociology lesson or two to understand. Kids love to feel accepted. It is no question that the feeling of being an outcast is one of the worst feelings in the world as a teenager. Not just teenagers, but humans in general need to socially interact with friends and peers in order to not mentally drown in contained thoughts and emotions, and turn psychotic. A jail’s harshest punishment is to separate an inmate from the rest of the jail, and put them in a confined secluded area without any interaction with people this is no coincidence. It’s natural to feel alone sometimes. It’s natural to want to reach out and connect with people. When a teen find’s someone or something they can connect with, they find security in that. These standards are set by leaders, whether they are at school or on the television. What being â€Å"cool† is changes throughout the decades, so one could say that change is the only thing that will always be cool. In order to think something is cool, an influence is required. Teens are influenced by the media’s figures such as musicians, actors, and athletes. The reason kids conform is because they see confidence and security in a person’s actions, and are manipulated by the thought of becoming confident and secure like them, (Teenage Anxieties. The bulk of human behavior is of a conforming nature as people accept and internalize the values of their culture or subculture. The reality is; teens strive for a stable identity. This is why they strive to conform. Most likely, it is just a phase, and once they figure out who they are, they will get out of it. Again, understanding this is key – talking and listening to a teenager can be very helpful in determin ing what their real intentions are. The teenage mind is young, fragile and easily manipulated. It’s not hard to see, and social control is EVERYWHERE. If you think deep enough, the reality in some things is appalling. A commercial about Hot Wheels may seem innocent but underneath the pseudo-normality is a harsh truth; these companies have people who receive pay and earn a living by studying kid’s patterns, and manipulating them to buy a product. Disgusting to say the least, but it’s normal, right? Social control is the government’s attempt to guide people down the road that they choose. Anthropology ties into this because you have to understand the evolution of man today. In order to guide people in the direction you want them to go, you must first understand how people have evolved in the past and why. Internal social control is the process of internalizing the norms of society and accepting them as valid External social control is an attempt to bring people who have stepped out of the lines, back into line, (The Government and Social Control. ) Teens are expected to walk down the path chosen for them, but to elicit your happiness in life, you must find whatever you love to do and do it. Who is to say what is normal and what is not? Thinking differently is not a crime, in fact, it is essential in the development of our species and it’s evolution. The main goal of socialization is to learn and understand how to communicate and act accordingly when around a person or group. Creativity can inspire new and more advanced ways of doing things. As humans, our improvements pile on top of each other – we make enhancements on previous enhancements and evolve in basically everything that we do. When a newer, easier way of doing something has been discovered, it is natural as humans that we want to use it. Social control often sets a standard on what is proper. But deviating from the social norm can benefit you and others around you. It is truly beneficial for all of society, as a whole. Understanding and finding yourself is what is most important in life. Social control results in the conformity and deviancy paradox; when teens rebel to fit in. Trying to manipulate the path of society holds an intense irony in that it just confuses people; on the contrary, it does NOT provide structure. The key in understanding a teen going through puberty is talking to them and listening to them. Phases are phases, and they will pass. The most important thing to remember when trying to understand a kid going through puberty is that they are in their own rapidly changing aura, and it’s healthy to experience conformity, defiance and to be influenced by social control. In the end, it will only be knowledge, and knowledge brings you closer to understanding who you truly are. Teens seek a stable identity, and it’s up to their guardians to help them retrieve one. A Stable Identity An essay pertaining to the psychological, sociological and anthropological aspects of society’s teens and their journey through puberty Written by Michael Bergman Mrs. Bitner’s Class November 2nd 2012 Works Cited Conformity, Basic Concepts of Sociology Guide. Free Sociology Notes,Sociology Definition,Sociology Study Guide,Meaning Scope Of Sociology,Define Sociology Theory,Define Sociology,Introduction To Sociology,Sociology Study,Free Sociology Notes,Sociology Concept,Online Sociology Course. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. sociologyguide. com/basic-concepts/Conformity. phpgt;. Deviance and Social Control. University of Missouri-St. Louis. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. umsl. edu/~keelr/200/socialcontrol. htmgt;. Earlier, later puberty may trigger aggression in boys, researchers find. Science Daily: News amp; Articles in Science, Health, Environment amp; Technology. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/05/100503111750. htmgt;. Rutherford, Jesse Jayne, Kathleen Nickerson, and Ph. D.. ODD Demographics Defiant Children. Netplaces. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. netplaces. com/defiant-children /oppositional-defiance-disorder-odd/odd-demographics. htmgt;. TruthMove Social Control. TruthMove Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. truthmove. org/content/social-control/gt;. MLA formatting by BibMe. org.

Political system comparison between India and China

Unmistakably, India and China have gradually developed in the economic sectors due to effective organization in their political systems. The two countries found in the Asian continent, despite being third world countries, have advanced in the technological know how. It is unbelievable that the western countries face a serious competition from these nations due to the political stability found in the two countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political system comparison between India and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political systems in China and India are stable therefore the two countries have developed both econonomically and socially (Wang, 2003). Consequently, this paper attempts to compare their political systems, process and the policies in China and India. Finally, the paper hypothesizes the future of India and China in relation to their political systems. India is a democratic c ountry which is headed by the president. The major functions of the president include; powers to declare the state of emergency that allows the lower house (Lok sabha) to extend the five year term, chief legal adviser of the government and signing of the bills from the parliament (Manion, 2000). The members of parliament have an obligation to vote for a persistent president. Among the members of parliament is the Electoral College. An electoral college is made up of the lawmakers. The number of these members is proposed to be 4500. Also there is a post of vice president who is elected by the members from both the upper and the lower houses. An individual who has an obligation to chair the upper house is the vice president. The upper house of the Indian parliament is identified as Rajya Sabha (Goldstein, 1990). India has got the post of prime minister who is the head of the government affairs. Some stages are usually followed during the selection of a prime minister. First, a group o f individuals from the lower house are expected to nominate the prime minister. Finally, the president is given the duty to select the Prime Minister (White, 1994). The prime minister is expected to advocate for the best ministers. He then leaves the remaining task to the president to select the ministers. The ministers then form the Council of Ministers. The parliament of India is proposed to have two houses. One of the houses is the lower house. This is also known as house of people or Lok Sabha that has got 552 members. 530 members come from various states in India, while 20 members come from the union territories of India and 2 members are representatives of the English and Indian communities (Almond, 1956). The president should dismiss the movements in the lower house after five years of operation. Unless the president exercises his power of declaring state of emergency, the lower house may precede the five year term of operation. For instance, the lower house in the years1962- 1968 experienced extension due to declaring the state of emergency (Goldstein, 1990).Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The election to the lower house is held at large magnitude in the 530 states in India which are completed after the five rounds which may last up to one month. The second one is the upper house. According to White (1994, p. 23), â€Å"The upper house on the contrary is also referred to as the council of state or Rajya Sabha which consists of 250 members†. The 238 members of this house are elected by the state or territorial agencies according to the number of people while the remainder 12 members are elected by the president basing in the knowledge of their specialization in various fields. The upper house lasts for a term of six years of which the session of the house is continuous. As a result, the upper house in India is not affected by the d issolution from the president (Dickson, 2003). Both the upper and lower houses perform similar functions i.e. legislative functions therefore they share some of their duties. However, the lower house is the most powerful in the conflicting matters since it is made up of almost double the number of members found in the upper house (Manion, 2000). In India, there is a system of multiparty where there are several political parties in the lower and the upper house. It is mandatory that a political party is recognized in four states for it to be called a national party. A political party can never be referred to as a national party unless it is acknowledged in four states. State parties are names used to refer to parties that are not acknowledged in either four or more states (Dickson, 2003). Likewise there are state parties and national parties in the India political system. However it can be noted that the Indian National Congress has been dominating the Indian politics since its incep tion in 1885. It was formed majorly with an aim of fighting for freedom but afterwards it engaged in politics of India and its leadership has rotated within the Gandhi family. For instance some of its leader include; Jawaharlal Nehru Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi etc. Other major political party that is found in India is Baratiya Janata Party, abbreviated as BJP. This party was formed in the year 1980 with an aim of catering for the needs of social and religious values for the Indian people. India is a country that has a considerable number of minor political parties.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political system comparison between India and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Amongst them is the Nationalist Congress Party as well as the Bahujan Samaj Party (Wang, 2003). State parties in India operate in restricted regions and some of them include; Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pra desh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Aryana, Punjab etc. The judicial system of India consists of the Supreme Court as the highest organ in the provision of justice to the people of India. The chief justice is selected by the president. The president does this basing on the guidance from the prime minister. In White (1994, p. 24), it is quoted that â€Å"Civil cases are dealt with in both high courts and magistrate courts†. Such cases are chaired by the judges. China has a complex political system however it practices communism. China is a socialist republic where the working people act as the leaders of the country. Therefore the power of deciding the future of this country lies in the hands of the citizens rather than leaders of the government or political party leaders. Therefore the national people congress (NPC) and the local people congress (LPC) are the organizations that represent the people in their duty of exercising control of the country. The National Peoples Congress is the powerful organ in the republic of China and it is made up of deputies from 35 different units (Manion, 2000). The main work of the national congress is making and amending of the law, determining the budget of the government. This is the supreme organization in PRC therefore it has powers to appoint or demote senior officials. The terms of office of the national people congress is five years and for every year there is a convention where the members of the congress gather to discuss ideas. For instance it is the work of the national people congress to nominate and elect senior officials such as the president and the chairman of the committee of the NPC. Also the prime minister and various ministers are appointed by the national people’s congress and they can be removed from these positions by the same organ through legal procedures. The national people congress is therefore a major unit in the administration of the country since it not only provides the people with an opportu nity to exercise power over the destiny of their country but also assists the state agencies to intermingle and share the work. This helps in developing the spirit of socialism of which the people republic of China relies on this policy.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The selected president and vice president in China are expected to be in leadership for a period of five years. These individuals are appointed by the national people congress. It is worthy to note that china is also a democratic republic where there is exercising of multiparty (White, 1994). The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the leading party therefore it is dominant in decision making in the National Peoples Congress. This is because after the decisions are passed in the people’s congress, the decision is subject to scrutiny by the CPC. This makes the peoples republic of china to sound like a one party state however there is existence of other political parties. In Dickson (2003 p.32), â€Å"there are other eight political parties and some of them include; China Association for Promoting Democracy, China Democratic League, China Democratic National Construction Association, Taiwan Democratic Self Government League, Jiusan Society, Chinese Peasant and Workers Democratic Party†. However these political parties work hand in hand with the communist party of China since the CPC is the dominant party i.e. the ruling party (Wang, 2003). This means that there is interaction and consultation between the ruling party and the other eight political parties. Therefore the CPC is supported by other parties in ruling the people republic of china. Consequently, there is no opposing party in the debate of national issues since there is cooperation between the CPC and the other eight political parties (White, 1994). In India, political socialization occurs when the president interact with the prime minister in appointment of senior officials. For instance, a proposal must be made from the prime minister before the president is guaranteed the freedom to choose the ministers. The same applies to the prime minister who is selected after approvals from groups of individuals from the lower house. From this, it is derived that the president has to cooperate with t he prime minister while performing his activities. Another instance where political socialization occurs in India is the working between the lower house and the upper house. Both houses are involved in legislative duties however the lower house has supreme powers over the upper house therefore the former handles sensitive bills such as money bills. In special circumstances, there is joint session between the two houses. The two houses are therefore the socialization agents in India. This is because in the lower house, members are elected directly from the 530 states of India. The members have a duty of representing each person that is found in the constituency. In the upper house, the members are elected indirectly by the president or other legislative units. As a result of this, most of the interests of the common man are catered for since there is a representative in the parliament. On the other hand, political socialization in China is witnessed through the cooperation and consul tations between the ruling party CPC and other parties (Goldstein, 1990). The minor parties participate in the discussions concerning the state affairs and policy implementation while the ruling party takes into consideration the ideas. Therefore there is sharing of ideas where the parties are dependent on each other. The final decision that is made by the ruling party is reached upon consultation with the other eight political parties. Therefore the agent of socialization in the china political system is the political parties that provide democracy to the people of china. Through the ruling party CPC, the people are able to express their opinions Articulation and aggregation of interests of the people in republic of India is through political parties. India has a system of multiparty where the parties fight for the interests of the common man. This is done by means of articulation where the needs of the citizens are expressed in a simple way so that they can be understood clearly b y the political system. For instance, communist party of India fights for the recognition of the rights of the Marxist group found in republic of India. Aggregation of interests of the people is achieved through analyzing various opinions from the people and then identifying the common ideas among them (Almond, Powell, Dalton Strom, 2008). The parties then represent these common ideas in the parliament so that the interests of the citizens are fulfilled. For instance, the Baratiya Janata Party which recognizes the social and religious rights for the Indian people. On the opposite, the articulation and aggregation of interest of the people of republic of china is achieved through the dominant party CPC. The communist party is a unitary party of china since it is ruling with assistance from other parties. The ideas from other parties and individuals are welcomed by this party hence the interests of the people are adequately represented. In India, public policy is crafted by the parli ament that involves both the lower and upper house (Almond, 1956). However the lower house has supreme legislative power as compared to the upper house. This system of parliament is known as bicameral where the two houses share the responsibility of making and amending the laws. The formed laws then become public policies of which the people of this nation are compelled to follow. Things are different with China since the public policies are designed by the National People Conference. The National People Conference also enacts laws concerning the civil cases, crime and other important laws. In conclusion, India is likely to become less democratic since the power of making the laws lies on the hands of the two parliaments. The individuals are represented by the members of the parliament which present a risk of inadequate representation. Also the president of the republic of India is elected indirectly by the members of the legislative unit which denies the citizen their democratic ri ght of voting for their favorite president. However if economic prosperity is to occur in India, the political culture is likely to change from the normal. This is because the political system in India denies the citizens a chance to elect the president and the vice president. As a result of this, people might not be represented adequately in the parliament. Furthermore, people are likely to be independent hence the political parties will decrease in number hence their will be no opposition to the government. As a result, India is entitled to change in the interest aggregation and the creation of the public policy. Since the political system is subject to become less democratic, appropriate measures will be taken to create the public policies and also cater for the interest’s aggregation. Contrary, China is likely to be more democratic since the people are directly involved in the state affairs through the national peoples congress. The views and suggestion of the people of c hina are likely to be put into consideration since the supreme organ is the NPC. Consequently, the political culture in China is likely to remain the same with increase in economic prosperity. This is because the powers are centered to one supreme body hence there is great unity among the state departments and corporations. The interests’ aggregation and the creation of public policy in China are likely to remain the same. This is because the national people congress involves the people of China directly in the governance of their country. Reference List Almond, G.A. (1956). Comparative Political Systems. The Journal of Politics, 18, 391- 402. Almond, G.A., Powell, B., Dalton, R., Strom, K. (2008). Comparative politics today.  9th ed. London: Pearson Longman publisher. Dickson, B.K. (2003). The Supremacy of the Communist Party of China. Journal of  Democracy, 14(1). Goldstein, A. (1990).Explaining politics in the Peoples Republic of China: The structural alternative. Com parative Politics, 22(3), 301-322. Manion, M. (2000). Chinese Democratization in Perspective: Electorates and Selectorates at the State Level. The Chinese Quarterly, 163, 700-721. White, G. (1994). Democratization and Economic Reform in China. The Australian  Journal of Chinese Affairs, 31, 72-97. Wang, J.C.F. (2003). Contemporary Chinese Politics-An introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. This research paper on Political system comparison between India and China was written and submitted by user Kane V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.